US. Foreign Policy throttling the growth of Russian Economy Essay

US. International strategy choking the development of Russian Economy - Essay Example The analyst has examined that the fall of the Soviet Union and the finish of the Cold War left Russia with uncertain issues that the West intensely expected to change. The inescapable split of the Soviet Union had Russia with a zone very nearly 70 percent of the previous USSR. Besides, all the atomic warheads assessed to be around 27000 stay in the possession of Russia, making it an enemy to the American national security intrigue. These components impact strategy in Washington to oust the intensity of the Russian Federation. The Russian connection with the U.S. has been unstable as a result of its local direction, provincial impact, and its universal division. Russia’s position on Iran’s atomic offices, its expanded vitality exercises in Europe just as poor law based procedures have stressed the U.S. for more than two decades. In addition, the Russia Georgia struggle was against the interests of America in the area. Consequently, the U.S. has applied a fixed internatio nal strategy toward Russia with the point of debilitating its economy. The forceful international strategy of the Reagan organization brought the up and coming breakdown of the Soviet Union. The U.S. support for guerrillas battling in Afghanistan had negative ramifications for the Russian barrier spending. Also, the U.S. program in the guard framework caused the Soviet to check with a comparable program, however it was costly given that Russia couldn't coordinate the U.S. protection spending. This carried strain to the Russian residential economy. The program coded â€Å"Star wars† contrarily influenced the Soviet political and monetary establishments.

Free Essays on John The Baptist

John the Baptist is extraordinary compared to other known individuals of The Bible. What's more, in light of current circumstances - he assumed a novel job in what, and Who, was to come. He was viewed as exceptionally by Jesus Christ, Who said about him, Among those conceived of ladies there has not risen anybody more noteworthy than John the Baptist. John was a prophet whose own coming was forecasted by a previous prophet (see Prophecy) more than 700 years prior (Isaiah 40:3-5) - one more representation of God's bit by bit Plan. John was a Levite.( Levites are the relatives of Levi, one of the Tribes Of Israel, the Children Of Jacob) His dad Zechariah was a Temple minister of the line of Abijah, and his mom Elizabeth was additionally plummeted from Aaron (Luke 1:5). Jesus Christ and John the Baptist were connected. Their moms, Mary and Elizabeth, were cousins. (Luke 1:36). John the Baptist was brought into the world a half year before Jesus Christ (Luke 1:36). He passed on around a half year before Jesus Christ (Matthew 14:10-12). The holy messenger Gabriel independently reported the coming births of Jesus Christ and John the Baptist. John lived in the uneven territory of Judah, among Jerusalem and the Dead Sea (Matthew 3:1). John's garments were made of camel's hair (see Ships Of The Desert), and he had a calfskin belt around his abdomen. His food was beetles and wild nectar. (Matthew 3:4). John had a well known service. Individuals went out to him from Jerusalem and all Judea, and the entire district of The Jordan. Admitting their transgressions, they were sanctified through water by him in the Jordan River (in photograph above). (Matthew 3:5-6). John the Baptist submissively absolved Jesus Christ (envision the respect of being the one). At that point Jesus originated from Galilee to the Jordan to be purified through water by John. In any case, John attempted to deflect Him, saying, I should be sanctified through water by You, and do You come to me? Jesus answered, Let it be so now; it is legitimate for us to do this to satisfy all uprightness. (... Free Essays on John The Baptist Free Essays on John The Baptist John the Baptist is a standout amongst other known individuals of The Bible. Also, in light of current circumstances - he assumed an extraordinary job in what, and Who, was to come. He was viewed as profoundly by Jesus Christ, Who said about him, Among those conceived of ladies there has not risen anybody more prominent than John the Baptist. John was a prophet whose own coming was forecasted by a previous prophet (see Prophecy) more than 700 years prior (Isaiah 40:3-5) - one more outline of God's bit by bit Plan. John was a Levite.( Levites are the relatives of Levi, one of the Tribes Of Israel, the Children Of Jacob) His dad Zechariah was a Temple cleric of the line of Abijah, and his mom Elizabeth was likewise slipped from Aaron (Luke 1:5). Jesus Christ and John the Baptist were connected. Their moms, Mary and Elizabeth, were cousins. (Luke 1:36). John the Baptist was brought into the world a half year before Jesus Christ (Luke 1:36). He kicked the bucket around a half year before Jesus Christ (Matthew 14:10-12). The holy messenger Gabriel independently declared the coming births of Jesus Christ and John the Baptist. John lived in the uneven region of Judah, among Jerusalem and the Dead Sea (Matthew 3:1). John's garments were made of camel's hair (see Ships Of The Desert), and he had a calfskin belt around his midsection. His food was beetles and wild nectar. (Matthew 3:4). John had a famous service. Individuals went out to him from Jerusalem and all Judea, and the entire locale of The Jordan. Admitting their wrongdoings, they were immersed by him in the Jordan River (in photograph above). (Matthew 3:5-6). John the Baptist unassumingly sanctified through water Jesus Christ (envision the respect of being the one). At that point Jesus originated from Galilee to the Jordan to be submersed by John. Be that as it may, John attempted to prevent Him, saying, I should be absolved by You, and do You come to me? Jesus answered, Let it be so now; it is appropriate for us to do this to satisfy all exemplary nature. (... Free Essays on John The Baptist Presentation John the Baptist, was the harbinger of Jesus Christ. His strategic predicted in Isaiah 40:3vs: â€Å"The voice of him that Crieth in the wild, get ready ye the method of the Lord; make straight in the desert an interstate for our God. Malachi 3:1: â€Å"Behold I will send my errand person and he will set up the route before Me: and the Lord whom ye look for, will out of nowhere go to his sanctuary, even the Messenger of the Covenant, whom ye savor the experience of: observe he will come, saith the Lord of host.† John 1:6-8 â€Å"There was a man sent from God whose name was John†. â€Å"The same came to manage observer of the Light; that all men through him may believe†. â€Å"He was not excessively Light, yet was sent to tolerate observer of that Light†. The Forerunner of Christ By Mahaley Brown The Story of John the Baptist was composed for a reason. The reason for existing was to affirm concerning the ‘Light’, that is, the ‘Light’ of Jesus Christ. John came to get ready men’s hearts to get the light: ‘the same wanted an observer, to tolerate observer of the Light, that all men through him may believe†. (John 1: 7-8 Vs) John told the individuals that Christ, the Messiah was going to show up. John the Baptist was the best and generally ground-breaking of the considerable number of prophets, yet he was not qualified to loosen the shoes of the one coming after him: â€Å"I am submersing you in water, yet there is one to come that is more prominent than I. I am not fit to slacken his shoe tie. He will absolve you in the Holy Spirit and in fire.† (Luke 3:1) John accomplished extraordinary work. He was the last Prophet in the Old Testament. The narrative of John the Baptist starts with his dad Zachary, a minister of the Temple in Jerusalem. He was in the congregation asking when Gabriel, a holy messenger appeared to him. The holy messenger said to him: â€Å"Do not be startled Zechariah; your petitions have been heard. Your better half Elizabeth will have a child who you will name John. You w... Free Essays on John The Baptist Christianity starts with John the Baptist and he stands directly from the earliest starting point in the light of God's arrangement of reclamation. John is himself a piece of the good news of Jesus Christ. John as well, similar to Jesus, is the prophet of the coming realm of God. He was conceived in Judea, the child of the minister Zacharias and Elisabeth. John and Jesus were cousins. John was just a half year more seasoned than Jesus, Mary and Elisabeth were pregnant simultaneously. John's folks were very old when John was considered and the birth was a wonder. A holy messenger appeared to Zacharias and said to him, ...you will have euphoria and joy and many will cheer at his introduction to the world. For he will be incredible in seeing the Lord and will drink neither wine nor solid beverage and he will be loaded up with the Holy Ghost, even from his mother’s belly. Furthermore, a significant number of the offspring of Israel will he go to the Lord their God. What's more, he will go before Him in the soul and intensity of Elias, to turn the hearts of the dads to the kids and the rebellious to the intelligence of the equitable, to prepare a people arranged for the Lord. When the Virgin Mary visited Elisabeth after hearing that she was pregnant with th e Holy Ghost, the infant John jumped inside Elisabeth's belly for happiness. In spite of the fact that from a consecrated family, John never filled in as a minister, nor a recorder, Pharisee or Sadducee. John was diverse in dress way and food. He claimed nothing, never drank wine, or trim his hair or whiskers, he invested his energy in perpetual petition and to consistently be independent, alone, and near God. It was realized that his drank the water of the waterway, and that he ate grasshoppers and wild nectar. He went shoeless, and wore a robe of woven camel hair obviously decreased to an undergarment and a basic substantial cowhide belt tied at the abdomen. In his conviction that the realm of God was nearby, John was not the only one. He just voiced what was at the time an across the board conviction, and for that very explanation his declaration found an...

C++ vs Java The Best Ever Comparison From Experts

C++ vs Java The Best Ever Comparison From Experts For the programming students, it is always overwhelming for them to differentiate between C++ vs Java. The reason is C++ and Java have lots of similarities. The significant similarities between them is both are object-oriented programming languages. But still, both of these are entirely different languages then each other. It was developed for application and system development. On the other hand, Java was initially developed for printing systems. But later on, it was developed to support cloud computing. The best part of Java is it. It is built upon the virtual machine. Thats why the programming written in Java is highly secure and portable. Introduction to C++ language Summary Introduction to C++ languageIntroduction to Java language?C++ vs JavaRelationshipInput and outputsCompiler and InterpreterAccess control and object protectionFlexibilityRoot hierarchyPortabilityUnique FeatureMultiple inheritanceTry and CatchSupporting MethodRun Time ErrorPointer, Structure, UnionDocumentation CommentThread SupportMemory ManagementReal-life usesUses of C++Operating SystemsBrowsersAdvanced Computation And GraphicsCompilersEmbedded SystemsReal-Life Use of JavaDesktop ApplicationsBusiness ApplicationsWeb-based ApplicationsScientific ApplicationsBig Data TechnologiesConclusion ( C++ vs Java ) C++ is the only language that encapsulates the features of both high and low-level language. In the early days of C++, it was known as C with classes. C++ is the object-oriented programming language. It was developed at AtT Bell Labs by Bjarne Stroustrup in the year 1980. You can code the C language code in an object-oriented style in C++. It was renamed C++ in the year 1983. It can compile 99% of C code without making changes in the source code. C++ is more secure than C. Introduction to Java language? Java is one of the most popular programming languages in the world. It was developed in the year 1991 by Sun Microsystems. It was developed by the small team known as the Green team at Sun Microsystem. The first name of Java was OAK. As I have mentioned earlier, it was initially developed for handling devices and set-top boxes. Oak name didnt get popular at that time. Thus, they decided to rename the Oak to Java in the year 1996. After a long time, Sun Microsystems acquired by Oracle in the year 2009. Therefore Java is now the product of Oracle.Get Started with the comparison between C++ vs Java:- C++ vs Java Relationship There is no strict relationship in C++. It means that you do not need to care more about the class name and the file names. The class declaration totally depends on the header file in C++. On the other hand, there is a strict relationship between the filename and the class name in Java. If you want to use the Payroll class in Java, then your source code needs to be in PayRoll.java. Otherwise, your program will not compile in Java. Input and outputs C++ uses the I/O statements. It is located in the IOstream.h file. These statements are cin and cout, e.g. cinx; couty; On the other hand, Java is having the most complex input mechanism because it reads one byte at a time. The input mechanism uses the (System.in), But the output is quite easy i.e., with (System.out). E.g. System.out.println(a); Compiler and Interpreter C++ only supports the compiler. On the other hand, Java support both the compiler and interpreter. Access control and object protection C++ offers a flexible model where the constant protection available. On the other hand, Java has the cucumber some model, which offers weak encapsulation. Flexibility C++ code writes once and can be compiled anywhere. But you cant run it anywhere. On the other hand, the Java program is written once and can be run anywhere. Root hierarchy There is no root hierarchy in C++. The reason is C++ supports both procedural and object-oriented programming features. There it is also known as the hybrid language. On the other hand, Java is an object-oriented programming language; thus, it supports the root hierarchy. Portability The C++ code is not portable. If you want to run it on another machine, then you need to compile it for each platform. On the other hand, Java code is portable because it translates the code into bytecode. The bycode is accessible on any platform. Unique Feature C++ offers the destructors feature that is used to destructor the value of the data type in the program. On the other hand, Java provides an automatic garbage collection feature to collect garbage values. Multiple inheritance C++ offer the multiple inheritance feature. Multiple inheritance often creates problems. To overcome this problem, C++ offers the keyword virtual feature. On the other hand, Java doesnt support multiple inheritance feature. Try and Catch It is impossible to include the try/ catch function in C++ even if the function throws an exception. On the other hand, exception handling is different in Java. Java doesnt offer the destructors; thus, you need to define the try and catch within the function. Supporting Method C++ offers both methods, i.e., the operator overloading methods and overloading methods. On the other hand, Java only supports the overloading method. It doesnt support operator overloading method. Run Time Error In C++, the programmer is responsible for the run time error. In other words, if the program stop running due to the run time error, then the programmer needs to find out the error. On the other hand, in Java, the system is responsible for checking the runtime error in the program. Pointer, Structure, Union C++ supports pointer to allocate the location of the data type. It also supports the structure and union to use different types of data set in a single program. On the other hand, Java doesnt support any of these, and it has different functionality to use these functions. Documentation Comment You cant do documentation commenting in C++. On the other hand, it is quite easy to do documentation comments in Java using (/**..*/). Thread Support C++ doesnt support the inbuilt thread support. If you want to do threading in C++, then you need to use the threading libraries. On the other hand, Java has built-in thread support with the class thread. And then override the run method. Memory Management In C++, you have to manage the memory manually. There is no memory management in C++. You can do memory management in C++ using memory allocate and deallocate with the help of a new/delete operator. On the other hand, Java has built-in memory management that is system-controlled. Real-life uses Uses of C++ Operating Systems C++ is a fast and robust language. It makes C++ ideal for developing operating systems. Apart from that, you can also develop low-level languages using C++ with the help of its system-level functions. Some of the parts of Mac OS also written in C++. Apple is still using C++ for hardware-level programming in its devices. Microsoft has developed most of its software in C++ i.e., Windows 95, ME, 98; XP. Apart from that, Visual studio and Internet explorer also developed in C++. Browsers The browser totally depends on its rendering process. The rendering engine has to be faster to give an unmatched experience to the users while browsing the internet on the browser. C++ is one of the fastest languages in the world, thats why most of the browsers renders are written in C++. For Example. Firefox and Google Chrome. Advanced Computation And Graphics C++ is widely used to program a high-end application that requires high performance. We use it for image processing, real-time simulation, and mobile sensor applications. It is also quite handy to develop a gaming console. Most of the gaming consoles have been developed in C++. Compilers All programming languages depend on the compiler. And almost every language compilers are written in C++. The reason is C++ allows you to code that may close to the hardware. Thus the program written in C++ can utilize the hardware resources more efficiently. Embedded Systems As we have discussed earlier that C++ is used to do hardware-level coding. Most of the embedded systems like Various embedded systems like smartwatches, medical equipment systems are written in C++ Real-Life Use of Java Desktop Applications Java is a widely popular language to create a desktop application. Even more than 75% of desktop applications are written in Java. Java offers the GUI interface, which is quite handy to develop desktop applications. For this, you can use AWT, Swing, and JavaFX in Java. Business Applications Most of the business use the server-based application. Java is one of the best programming languages to develop a server-based application. Thats the reason most of the companies use the software that is developed in Java. Java is quite easy to use, and there is no use of pointers. In most of the sectors, Java used in both the front end and the back end. Web-based Applications We also use Java to create web-based applications. Java is the best language to develop web applications because it provides Servlets, Struts, or JSPs to build the best applications. These technologies help us to create any web application. Apart from that, Java is also offering the applets which work on the webpage on the client-side. Scientific Applications Java is a robust programming language; that is why most of the software developers like to use it. They are using it to write scientific calculations and math operation based applications. These kinds of applications require additional logic. We can easily develop these kinds of apps, Java. These kinds of apps need low maintenance but high portability. Matlab uses Java to interact with its user interface. Big Data Technologies Big Data technologies are getting popular with every growing year. It is the technology that is used to analyze the data and systematically extract data from various sources. In other words, it is the process to convert the most complex data collected from different sources to understandable form. Java is considering the future of Big Data technologies. One of the major frameworks used with Big Data is Hadoop. And Hadoop is written in Java. Java is offering the feature to establish the data in no time. Apart from that, its trash gathering and memory management feature making it the best choice for Big Data. Nowadays, more opportunities for Java developers are emerging in Big Data technologies. Hadoop developers are high in demand. Conclusion ( C++ vs Java ) A comparison between Java vs C++ now comes to its end. We have seen that C++ and Java is having lots of similarities like they are having almost the same loops, conditional statements, if-else statements, classes, and the objects. It seems to be the same for the students while they learn these languages from scratch. But as we discussed above, there are some differences between C++ vs Java. Some of the significant differences are pointers, memory management, scope resolution operator, etc. But when we talk about the real-life uses of C++ and Java, then there is a massive difference between these programming languages. We use C++ for the programming of embedded devices. In other words, most of the time, C++ is used to do a one-time programming code. Such as code in your washing machine, Microwaves, television, setup boxes, and so on. On the other hand, Java is not used for one-time programming. Java code is used in those applications which can be further developed or upgrade as per the requirements and the needs. Sorry, that I forget to explain the career scope, most of the students think that C++ is becoming absolute. But it is not true because until we use the embedded devices, C++ will never get absolute. Most of the MNC is offering high packages for C++ developers. On the other hand, as I mentioned that Java developers are also getting the job in Big data technologies. Java also has a brilliant scope. It will remain one of the most popular languages over the next decade. Get the best C++ programming help from the experts at a nominal charge. We are also offering the best C++ assignment help and C++ homework help to the students.

A Midsummer Night s Dream Opera - 883 Words

Andrew Muckle Professor Boots 15 April 2016 A Midsummer Night’s Dream Opera On Saturday April 16th, I attended A Midsummer Night’s Dream, an opera by Benjamin Britten at Boston University. I have never been to an opera before, so I went in wondering if I would enjoy it as much as I enjoy the orchestra. I read a review by Gillian Daniels who said â€Å"It’s an opera faithful to the spirit of its material† having me go in with somewhat high expectations (Daniels). I walked into a fairly large theater with three friends waiting for the play to begin. We took our seats that were four rows from the front of the balcony I felt that our seats were pretty good since we were more or less close to the stage. The lights finally dimmed and the opera began.†¦show more content†¦Because of this, all vowels sung â€Å"in full voice all sound the same.† (Highfield). The mood created by the back stage and production staff made a tremendous impact on the performance. I found that the lighting was very well done; creating the feel of a gloomy dark forest that would exist in a dream. Some of the sets were basic but very well prepared. I was impressed how their simplicity more than accomplished their purpose, and when the scenes changed their austerity allowed the movement to be very seamless and unobtrusive. I believe Daniels was right in saying that â€Å"This vision is every bit the dream of the title.†(Daniels) The opera A Midsummer Night’s Dream by Benjamin Britten did seem very distinctive in the way it was presented compared to the movie by Michael Hoffman. The characters were dressed, in my opinion, fairly differently from the movie. The scene between Oberon and Titania was largely the same in storyline, but the look, as well as the dialogue didn t seem similar to the movie. Perhaps having to read the dialogue from the teleprompters made a difference versus listening to the dialogue in the film. In the movie, the fairies all seem to be very roman in the way they were dressed. They also had normal human bodies. In the opera however the esthetic seemed somewhat different.

Website Usability Comparison For Immigration Into Australia

Memorandum To: Matthew Harris Project Manager From: Feiyang Tang System Analyst Date: 3 August 2015 Subject: Website usability comparison for Immigration into Australia ______________________________________________________________ An immigration website usability comparison for Immigration into Australia has been completed. Introduction The competitor websites chosen for this research were Immigration New Zealand (www.immigration.govt.nz), Australian Department of Immigration and Border Protection (www.border.gov.au) and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (www.usgis.gov). To find how user-friendly applicants for Australian residence would find that country’s site, the team also surveyed the opinions of different users who used three websites. The following key areas were considered: ï  ¶ Homepage Visual Appeal – Attention attraction, first impression; ï  ¶ Website Performance – Format, design, Ease of access to information; ï  ¶ Navigability – Efficiency, accuracy, usability; ï  ¶ Search Function Effectiveness – Error correction, field size, width of results, type of results; ï  ¶ Data Integrity and Richness Methodology According to the questionnaire, the team conducted that the usability of the three different countries’ immigration websites were collected from seven volunteers, who are from different age groups, genders and ethnicities. The team selected seven volunteers from three age groups: two males (18-30),Show MoreRelatedMedical Tourism22177 Words   |  89 PagesSince this project was awarded as a studentship agreement between Imperial College London and Asian Neuro Cardiac Centre, Malaysia. (ANCC), it is obvious that the market to be researched would be that in Malaysia. An initial survey of medical tourism websites on Malaysia provided very little information about the industry there. Informal talks with some health practitioners and hospital managers in Malaysia revealed that the following facts: ï‚ § The medical tourism industry is fragmented and rather dormantRead MoreManaging Information Technology (7th Edition)239873 Words   |  960 PagesHowever, it may take several ins tructions on one computer model to accomplish what one instruction can do on another computer model. Thus, the use of MIPS ratings has largely gone out of favor because of the â€Å"apples and oranges† nature of the comparisons of MIPS ratings across classes of computers. Another speed rating used is MegaFLOPS or MFLOPS—millions of floating point operations per second. These ratings are derived by running a particular set of programs in a particular language on the

Aircraft Trajectory Prediction Free Essays

Literature Review Aircraft Trajectory Prediction By Cameron Sheridan I. Abstract The purpose of this review is to identify and analyse work that is currently being done on aircraft trajectory prediction (ATP); particularly the approach of modern day researchers to the problematic issue of the growingly clustered airspace. The benefits of this review include the exploration of several sub-topics of the literature. We will write a custom essay sample on Aircraft Trajectory Prediction or any similar topic only for you Order Now Through examining the current methods towards trajectory modelling validation and the techniques that are now employed to neutralise error sources, it was found that with the modern-day approaches an algorithm and its trajectory prediction (TP) can be assessed and consequently improved upon. A number of systems pertinent to conflict are discussed and results are presented which illustrate and compare the effectiveness of heading and altitudinal resolution manoeuvres. Additionally, a number of recent developments and innovations in the field pertinent to the technologies and techniques used are discussed, thus illustrating a clear indication of research still moving forward in this field. II. Introduction An ATP is a ‘mapping of points over a time interval [a,b] to the space R? ’ (Tastambekova et al. 2010, p. 2). Although this is correct in many senses, this explanation fails to acknowledge the intricacy and designed purpose. More accurately, a TP module has the capacity to calculate the future flight path of an aircraft given that it has been supplied with the required data, i. . the flight intent, an aircraft performance model, and finally, an estimation of the future atmospheric/environmental conditions (Swierstra and Green 2004). An aircraft trajectory is a future path of an aircraft that can be represented visually in three forms: 2D, 3D and 4D (x, y, altitude and time) with 4D the more frequently used nowadays by air traffic con trol (ATC) and air traffic management (ATM) due to its far more realistic representation and ease of interpretation (Vivona et al. 2010; Poretta et al. 010; Paglione and Oaks 2009). The significance of ATP is certainly appreciated. There is support for the importance of TP and the role it plays in advanced ATM operations, especially with a growingly clustered airspace in the next decade (Lee et al. 2010; Porretta et al. 2010 and Denery et al. 2011). The most crucial function of a TP however, as viewed by Lymperopoulos and Lygeros (2010), is to supply advice to ATC. Consequently, they can then make well-informed executive judgments to ensure the safety and effectiveness of our airspace. The purpose of this study is to inform what is happening in this field through examination of both the developments within ATP and the current problems facing researchers: namely, the significant increase in air-traffic by 2025. This will be done through exploring recent literature in this field that pertains to: conflict detection and resolution; the technologies and techniques involved; and, the error sources that are involved with a prediction and their subsequent effect on the uncertainty of a prediction. III. Modelling Validation and Uncertainties Efficiency and accuracy are two central points of this literature, which alone could be considered as the determining factors of a respectable TP model; thus, sufficient research is required to improve both, without the sacrifice of one. How does one validate the performance of an algorithm and whether its TP is ‘accurate’? The common answer it seems (Anonymous 2010 and Paglione and Oaks 2007, pp. 2) is through the degree of conformity between the measured or predicted data and the true data of an aircraft at a given time. A. Uncertainties Figure 1: Paglione and Oaks (2009) Figure 1: Paglione and Oaks (2009) Uncertainties are perhaps the biggest hurdle in further advancements in this field. Obviously, as the prediction increases in time, the uncertainties of the flight begin to take effect – up to a point where the trajectory becomes almost impossible to predict accurately with any degree of assurance. The consequential effect of uncertainties in a prediction may result in: two or more aircrafts losing separation; an aircraft not arriving to schedule; or even, the inability to detect flaws in either the ATP algorithm or the aircraft itself, to name a few. Therefore, there is a need to lessen the ffect of these lingering burdens. In reality this is quite difficult, and as such, requires particular attention of the algorithms used by an aircraft to validate its performance. B. Modelling Validation Performance validation verifies that a TP model performs correctly, and determines the degree of accuracy of a model’s representation compared to the real system (Vivona et al. 2010 and Garcia et al. 2009). There are further ways to validate predicted data; such methods include those shown by Paglione and Oaks (2007) who looked at the associated accuracy metrics; Poretta et al. 2008) who evaluated a 4D TP model for civil aircraft; and finally, the Plan, Do, Study, Act (PDSA) evaluation process of a TP (see figure 1). This practice and its application have been shown by Paglione and Oaks (2009). Inspired by the relationship of trajectory predictors to higher level applications, the authors stressed the need for improving modelling procedures through an iterative process consisting of four stages. Fredrick et al. (2009) were able to analyse ways to validate a program with their test and evaluation process. Particular focus was on a metrics approach which offers measures on the performance of an aircraft. This method may provide greater effectiveness in programs and is proclaimed to play a â€Å"critical role as a continuum of supporting activities for the TP programs† [Fredrick et al. (2009), pp. 9]. Vivona et al. (2010) also proposed a new methodology in her work which is designed for a similar purpose. The techniques used are titled ‘white box testing’ and ‘test bench testing’. The former involves knowledge of the internal processes that occur within a TP model, and through this information there will be a sequence of tests which accumulate together to validate the entire TP. The latter test is slightly different in that, as opposed to analysing current state data, it requires entering input data into an algorithm’s interface and then assessing the data that was produced as a result. Both are expected to become more commonly used in the approaching years. C. Error Sources and Corrective Measures Jackson (2010) reiterated the ineffectiveness and poor performance of automation systems in the company of errors and uncertainty sources. This suggests, and was considered equally by Paglione and Oaks (2009) and Vivona et al. (2010) that the performance of these systems is dependent on the accuracy of the TP. Consequently, the requirement to minimise all potential error sources has particular precedence in current research. Environmental factors (wind, temperature, air pressure, etc. ), along with human errors and algorithmic/system imperfections are the typical causes for the uncertainty in a prediction. Further error sources such as: the measurement of aircraft state; aircraft performance models; knowledge of aircraft guidance modes and control targets; atmospheric model; and, clearance issues are all predicted to be integral to the improvement of TP modelling accuracy in the near future (Jackson 2010). Alternatively, rather than striving for a flawless system, processes such as the offline smoothing algorithm (Paielli 2011); application of the rapid update cycle (RUC) of the weather (Lee et al. 010); and techniques that take the perspective of the DST user [Interval based sampling technique (IBST)] (Paglione and Oaks 2007) have been established to improve aspects of a prediction model. The first of these has the capacity to improve the accuracy of DR predictions through the smoothing of the radar tracks (shown below). Blue dots Way-points Black full-line Actual path of aircraft Red curve Smoothing of track Blue dots Way-points Black full-line Actual path of aircraft Red curve Smoot hing of track This was demonstrated through application of the technique on past recorded operational error cases. The usage of RUC provides ATC with the benefit of detecting ‘regional variations of uncertainty that are related to actual weather phenomena’ (Lee et al. 2010, pp. 14). The concept behind IBST is that a trajectory provided to a controller may be old and thus filled with errors and uncertainties; so, this two-step process operates by determining the accuracy of the aircraft – through computing spatial errors – after passing through pre-determined waypoints (Paglione and Oaks 2007). Additionally, given the effect of environmental factors on a prediction, there are procedures present to counter the influence of the sources. Russell (2010) presented the ‘consolidated storm prediction for aviation’, which is a prediction on the water content of clouds done through a grid-based prediction which may forecast predictions anywhere up to 8 hours. Results showed that this system was effective up to 2 hours as the predicted data correlated well with the observed weather within a given sector; however, as expected, when the look-ahead time increased the accuracy and reliability steadily decreased. IV. Conflict Detection and Resolution A. Conflict Detection There has been a quantity of research on CDR within this literature, particularly over the last few years (Denery et al. 2011 Erzberger et al. 2009; Tang et al. 2008 and Paielli 2008). In order to overcome the problem of ensuring air safety, technology must exist which prevents a conflict from occurring. A conflict, in an aeronautic context, as described by Paglione and Oaks (2009) is a situation where two or more aircraft exceed the minimum separation distance standards, which can be deduced through a visual TP. The purpose of CDR systems is to alarm ATC well in advance of a predicted collision occurring to allow preventative measures (Erzberger et al. 2009). Paielli (2008) believes that the key challenge in the next decade will be to establish an automated system that is capable of ensuring that the collision probability remains low, even in the face of a number of possible hindrances: i. e. the predicted increase in air traffic in future decades; the (at times) complexity of the system; frequent false alarms; and, the capability of CDR tools to advise the most appropriate manoeuvre. Three of the most highly regarded and reviewed conflict systems amongst ATC (Tang et al. 2008; Paielli 2008; Paglione and Oaks 2009; and Erzberger et al. 2009) are Tactical Separation-Assisted Flight Environment (TSAFE), Conflict Probe (CP), Conflict Alert (CA), and User Request Evaluation Tool (URET). TSAFE has two primary functions 1) conformance monitoring – a process that determines the degree to which an aircraft is meeting its earlier prediction; and 2) trajectory synthesis – the construction of the 4D path. URET was developed to help air traffic controllers by supporting a greater number of user-preferred flight profiles, and increasing both user flexibility and system capacity. ERAM is a Federal Aviation Administration system that has been designed primarily to deal with both route requests and in flight alterations swiftly. Figure 1: Poretta et al. (2010) Figure 1: Poretta et al. (2010) Paglione and Oaks (2009) highlighted the correlation between a TP’s accuracy and a decision supports tool’s (DST) performance. They assessed a number of statistical analysis models including TP metrics (i. . horizontal and vertical) and conflict probe metrics (Along-track; Cross-track; horizontal error; and, altitude). They focus on and use these accuracy metrics to establish a ratio value. Ratio= Horizontal or vertical separationMinimum allowed separation distance (i. e. parameter cut off value) As this ratio increases, the likelihood of producing false and missed conflict alerts increas es– while the probability of producing valid alerts decreases. In Paglione and Oaks (2009) they identified the requirement for a ‘process improvement model’ – i. . Plan-Do-Study-Act (PDSA) – to evaluate and find possible enhancements on a studied TP system to reduce the ratio value. Investigations into false alerts and missed conflict detects have also been conducted recently by Denery et al. (2011) and Poretta et al. (2010). Processes Decisions Data that may be modified Data that may not be modified Algorithm execution flow ——- Data flow Processes Decisions Data that may be modified Data that may not be modified Algorithm execution flow ——- Data flow The latter presented a CDR algorithm (figure 2) which shown by numerical results, is able to produce a conflict-free trajectory whilst also noting the aircrafts capabilities to perform all recommended resolution manoeuvres. Figure 2: Poretta et al. (2010) Figure 2: Poretta et al. (2010) Figure 3: Denery et al. (2011) Figure 3: Denery et al. (2011) Denery et al. (2011) highlighted consequent issues to the above problems – principally, the distraction of controllers and the need to constantly verify whether a concern exists or not. In reply, they proposed a new algorithm, flight-intent (FI) that takes into consideration the present status of the aircraft and all available intent data. Tests were performed with this system in comparison to two other conflict detection algorithms: dual trajectory algorithm (Dual) and dead reckoning (DR). Results (figure 3) illustrate that the FI algorithm yields considerably less false alert rates, especially when the algorithm – already incorporated with area navigation (RNAV) and a noise integrated routing system (NIR) – was paired with the integrated administration and control system (IAC). B. Conflict Resolution Additionally, Anonymous (2010) also noted that two of another CDR systems (conflict probe) faults – including conflict alerts – are that the technology is at times inefficient and will occasionally produce false alerts (or conversely, the lack thereof alerts). The CP’s performance is also compared to URET in tests performed by Santiago et al. (2010). Deductions that were made from this report included the possible benefits of increasing both the look-ahead time of a prediction to 25min, and the minimum horizontal parameters. Further investigation (Paielli 2008; Paielli et al. 009; and Denery et al. 2011) with TSAFE has been ongoing with the aim to develop an algorithm to perform at least as effectively as URET. Ryan et al. (2008) also looked at achieving this goal. They analysed and compared an emerging conflict resolution algorithm, ERAM, against URET in a quantity of tests and comparisons that were designed to evaluate the precision of th e technology. ERAM’s accuracy and strategic conflict notification capabilities were belittled in comparison to the URET system, where ERAM only managed to obtain the minimum standard in two of the seven test categories. TSAFE is often used as a back-up strategic system that computes simple resolution manoeuvres to resolve potential conflicts that are expected to occur within two minutes (Denery et al. , 2011; Paielli et al. 2009; Alonso-Ayuso et al. 2011). TSAFE and its application during en route is the primary focus of Paielli (2011). Examined in his work was the heading-trials algorithm that he developed. This system produces a number of possible manoeuvre resolutions that change the heading of the involved aircraft in  ±10? increments up to  ±90? f the original direction of travel. The best of these manoeuvres – in terms of cost and applicability – is then measured against the best altitude manoeuvre by means of a separation ratio (see pp. 4). His experimentation was on 100 past operational error cases where a conflict had occurred. His results (shown on table 1) illustrate the effectiveness of each manoeuvre in each particular situation. Consequently, he was able to deduce tha t altitudinal amendments were far more advantageous than his proposed heading algorithm. For e. g. the right most column indicates that when the separation ratio was ? 1. 2, 95% of the altitudinal amendments resulted in a successful avoidance of conflict, whilst the heading algorithm only resolved a comparably low 62% For e. g. the right most column indicates that when the separation ratio was ? 1. 2, 95% of the altitudinal amendments resulted in a successful avoidance of conflict, whilst the heading algorithm only resolved a comparably low 62% Separation ratio (? ) %| | 0. 2| 0. 4| 0. 6| 0. | 1. 0| 1. 2| No resolution| 98| 92| 74| 25| 0| 0| Heading only| 99| 95| 91| 77| 71| 62| Altitude only| 100| 100| 100| 100| 99| 95| Heading + altitude| 100| 100| 100| 100| 100| 98| Table 1: Paielli (2011) Table 1: Paielli (2011) Similarly, Paielli (2008) performed a comparable experiment with a restricted focus on altitude manoeuvres. His results further validated the success of such resolution procedures, particularly when augmented altitude amendments were supplemented to the input data (see table 2). The purpose of adding these amendments in his experiment was to compensate for the controllers negligence or inability to do so at the time of the conflict occurring. Note: Other tests and procedures that were tested in (Paeilli 2008) are not shown, i. e. altitude rejections; temporary altitudes; step altitudes; and, critical level-offs. Note: Other tests and procedures that were tested in (Paeilli 2008) are not shown, i. e. altitude rejections; temporary altitudes; step altitudes; and, critical level-offs. | Separation ratio (? ) %| | 0. | 0. 4| 0. 6| 0. 8| 1. 0| 1. 2| No resolution| 99| 94| 75| 29| 0| 0| Augmented altitude amendments| 100| 99| 99| 97| 94| 90| Table 2: Paeilli (2008) Table 2: Paeilli (2008) Note was made in both reports that operational error cases are by no means a precise representation of the computer-generated routine operation that occurred. Given the importance of conflict detection and resolution it is important that ample research continues in this field to ensure the safety and welfare of all air traffic. V. Techniques and Technologies A. Technologies CDR could not be possible if there wasn’t the appropriate equipment present today to compute the complex algorithms that are used. A 4D TP is established upon no easy means. Cate et al. (2008) articulate that it not only requires (at times) convoluted formulas, but also the technology and methodologies to then dissect and string together the state and intent data of the aircraft. The techniques and technologies currently utilised are crucial in this field. Already discussed above are a number of systems which are integral to the concept of trajectory prediction as they all serve a specific purpose. This is exemplified when looking at the conflict detection and resolution component of this literature, where there are often four stages to the process: 1) Traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS) which focuses on the immediate future (1-2min) (Paielli 2011); 2) Short term conflict alert (STCA) which operates anywhere between 2-5min (Shakarian and Haraldsdottir 2001); 3) Tactical controller tools (TCT) which concentrates on up to 8-10min (Leone 2009 and Graffica 2009); and finally, 4) Mid-term conflict detection (MTCD) which will look ahead anywhere up to 20-30min (Graffica 2009 and Lymperopoulos et al. 010). Systems that look any further in advance typically become ineffective due to the dependence of their predictions accuracy on look-ahead time (Russell 2010). Prediction accuracy ? 1Look ahead time Huang and Chung (2011) presented a TP model through their Heirachical timed coloured Petri net (HTCPN) models that is composed of seven different stages during the aircrafts trajector y. This model differs from those that have been presented by (Cate et al. 2008 and Paglione and Oaks 2009) in that 1) their models consist of a three-stage process; and 2) far more input information is required to produce a trajectory. Different still, a TP model has been shown to be represented by an algorithm with many procedures covering difficult mathematical equations of motion (Lymperopolous and Lygeros 2010). As would be expected, with such an intricate form of technology comes a quantity of DSTs, modelling techniques and algorithms to go with it. We require a large range of prediction technologies to both further aid the pilot and ATCs and to meet the particular needs of the interested automation concept (Cate et al. 2008). Tests and comparisons on differing DSTs are continuing (Denery et al. 2011; Vivona et al. 010; and Pagilone and Oaks 2007) and they have confirmed that with the inclusion of particular technologies, a TP system can have an improvement in accuracy without sacrificing either functionality or efficiency. The use of mathematics and observations are verified for two important TP filtering methods: Kalman Filtering (KF), and Particle Filtering (PF) [Lymperopolous and Lygeros (2010); Lymperopol ous et al. (2010) and Delahaye and Puechmorel (2009)]. There are two differing key issues between the two filters – i. e. the inability to handle either high dimensional states or non-linear dynamics. Consequently, a new filtering algorithm, sequential conditional particle filter, was proposed to resolve this problem. Pan and Schonfeld (2009) also explored this technology, demonstrating through ‘splitting a graph with cycles into several directed cycle-free subgraphs’ its enhanced performance compared to other current methods of particle filtering. B. Techniques Data shown by Denery et al. (2011) illustrate the considerable improvements of accuracy and efficiency between their tested algorithms (Dual, DR and FI) with the inclusion of systems such as IAC, NIR, and RNAV (see pp. ). The concept of TP interoperability between systems has also been considered as a potential point of source for advancement in this field (McNally et al. 2010 and Cate et al. 2008). In short, this concept consists of two (or more) unlike automation systems which may compare their disagreeing trajectories and data to result in a similar prediction. This would prove particularly beneficial for a ir-to-ground base control and traffic flight management due to correlation between the two systems. Mujumdar and Padhi (2011) provided an overview of seven encouraging online path-planning methods tested by unmanned aerial vehicles: graph search, potential field method, vision-based neutral networks and minimum effort guidance to list a few. Two common advantages amongst these methods were the ability to compute promptly without the expense of accuracy and the capability to account for environmental information through regular trajectory updates. These benefits correlate well with the necessities of a sought-after algorithm. Modern research is making serious headway towards establishing sound modelling procedures. This is critical as without the appropriate technologies and methods to compute the mathematical representations and data, innovations in this field would not be conceivable. VI. Critical Assessment It rapidly became apparent the quantity of research that has already been done (especially in the past 2-3 years) and that research is still ongoing. The universal desire to constantly improve on each individual part of a TP modelling process is confirmation of its vital importance in not only contemporary society, but our future airspace. The range of exploration and advancements in this literature is both comprehensive and widespread. Every few years, it seems each component of a TP model is enhanced to accommodate for the rapid innovations in modern technology; consequently, this then allows for additional research and analysis in search of further improvements. There were often limitations in the tests that were performed, as often only one (sometimes two) type of aircraft were used during experimentation. The data also, is often decorated by removing plenty of outliers from the tight parameters set. If current research is to progress any further, we must divert away from the existing trend of producing monotonous findings with similar solutions in reports and journals, i. e. modifications to current methodologies; more convoluted analysis; or simply, the suggestion that ‘further work needs to be completed in this area of study’. VII. Conclusion and Open Questions Current research into the TP algorithms that are used specifically for CDR are continuing due to its significance in this field; though, there is a lot of further study required to effectively manage the increasing number of challenges facing ATM in the foreseeable future. For this to occur, the modern techniques and prediction models that are employed must be innovated and evolved even further. The present technologies utilised in constructing a trajectory prediction appear to be effective. Similarly, the techniques which are employed to improve any imperfections or inaccuracies during the modelling process are very specifically designed to serve their own designed purposes. Even still however, the greatest obstacle that needs to be overcome – and surely, where further research must be applied – is reducing the overall effect of error sources and subsequently reducing the uncertainties in the predictions. Given the recent growth of advancements in this field, one may expect that both researchers and developers will be able to competently confront any arising issues in this field of aeronautic technology. In conclusion, a few unanswered questions are immediately brought to mind: * To what extent will the role humans play as decision support systems in response to any complications following any possible system malfunctions or incompetencies. * Does there exist a minimum set of constraints for a given prediction, such that an algorithm is simply unable to compute with any assuring accuracy? If so, how could this be dealt with. Such queries may have place in further study as they are outside the scope of this review. VIII. References 1. Denery, D. , Robinson, J. , Tang, H (2011). Tactical Conflict Detection in Terminal Airspace. Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics. 34 (2), pp. 403-413. 2. Alonso-Ayuso, A; Escudero, L; Martin-Campo, F. (2011). Collision avoidance in air traffic management: A mixed-integer linear optimization approach. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. 12 (1), pp. 47-57. 3. Mujumdar, A; Padhi, R. (2011). Evolving philosophies on autonomous obstacle/collision avoidance of unmanned aerial vehicles. Journal of Aerospace Computing, Information and Communication. 8 (2), pp. 17-41. 4. Paielli, R. (2011). Evaluation of tactical conflict resolution algorithms for enroute airspace. Journal of Aircraft. 48 (1), pp. 324-330. 5. Huang, Y; Chung, T. (2011). Modelling and analysis of air traffic control systems using hierarchical timed coloured Petri nets. Transactions of the Institute of Measurement and Control. 33 (1), pp. 30-49. 6. Author not given. (2010). ERAM Habituation. Available: http://atcfreqs. om/wpblog/? p=4181. Last accessed 18th April 2010. 7. McNally, D. , Mueller, E. , Thipphavong, D. , Paielli, R. , Cheng, J. , Lee, C. , Sahlman, S. , Walton, J. (2010). A near-term concept for trajectory-based Operations with Air/Ground Data Link Communication. Internation Congress of the Aeronautical Sciences. 27 pp. 1-24. 8. Lee, A. , Weygandt, S. , Schwartz, B. , Murphy, J. (2010). Performance of Trajectory Models with Wind Uncertainty. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 1-16. 9. Jackson, M. (2010). Role of Avionics in Trajectory-Based Operations. IEEE ae systems magazine. 5 (7), pp. 12-19. 10. Anonymous. (2010). Human Factors; Data from E. Rovira and colleagues advance knowledge in human factors. Transportation Business Journal. pp. 633. 11. Vivona, R. , Paglione, M. , Cate, K. , Enea, G. (2010). Definition and Demonstration of a Methodology for Validating Aircraft Trajectory Predictors. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 1-22. 12. Poretta, M. , Schuster, W. , Majumdar, A. , Ochieng, W. (2010). Strategic Conflict Detection and Resolution Using Aircraft Intent Information. The Journal of Navigation. 63 pp. 61-88. 13. Lymperopoulos, I. nd Lygeros, J. (2010). Improved Multi-Aircraft Ground Trajectory Prediction for Air Traffic Control. Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics. 33 (2), pp. 348-362. 14. Tastambekova, K. , Puechmorel a, S. , Delahayea, D. , Rabutb, C. (2010). Trajectory Prediction by Functional Regression in Sobelev Space. Manuscrit auteur. 1 (1), pp. 1-5. 15. Lymperopoulos, I. , Chaloulos, G. , Lygeros, J. (2010). An advanced particle filtering algorithm for improving conflict detection in Air Traffic Control. Preprint 4th International Conference on Research in Air Transportation, June 2010, pp. 1-8. 16. Russell, C. (2010). Predicting Airspace Capacity Impacts Using the Consolidated Storm Prediction for Aviation. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. 10th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference, pp. 11. 17. Santiago, C; Lehman, J; Crowell, A. (2010). Accuracy Comparison of an Operational and Experimental Strategic Conflict Probe. AIAA Guidance, Navigation, and Control Conference 2 – 5 August 2010, Toronto, Ontario Canada. ( ), pp. 1-14. 18. Leone, M. (2009). Tactical Controller Tool, TCT Real Time Simulation, Final Report. Eurocontrol, pp. -100. 19. Graffica. (2009). eDEP TCT (Tactical Controller Tools) – Concept of Operations Document. Eurocontrol, pp. 1-26. http://www. eurocontrol. fr/projects/edep/documents/8. 3/eDEP_TCT_ Concept_of_Operations. pdf 20. Pan, P. and Schonfeld, D. (2009). Sequential Particle Filtering for Conditional Density Propagation on Graphs. IEEE. pp. 1-4. 21. Paglione, M. and Oaks, R. (2009). Effectiv eness of Pairing Flights When Evaluating The Accuracy of a Conflict Probe. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. (1), pp. 1-17. 22. Paielli, R. , Erzberger, H. , Chiu, D. , and Heene, K. 2009). Tactical Conflict Alerting Aid for Air Traffic Controllers. Journal of Guidance, Control and Dynamics. 32 (1), pp. 184-193 23. Garcia, J. , Besada, J. , Soto, A. , De Miguel, G. (2009). Opportunity trajectory reconstruction techniques for evaluation of ATC systems. International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies. 1 (3), pp. 1-8. 24. Delahaye, D. and Puechmorel, S. (2009). TAS and wind estimation from radar data. Digital Avionics Systems Conference, 2009. DASC ’09. IEEE/AIAA 28th. pp. 2. B. 1-2. B. 16. 25. Fredrick, J; Jaggard, C; Paglione, M; and, Baldwin, C. 2009). Verification and Validation Standards to Test and Evaluate New Complex Systems for the National Airspace System. International Test and Evaluation Association. 30 (2), pp. 1-11. 26. Tang, H. , Den ery, D. , Erzberger, H. , Paielli, R.. (2008). Tactical Separation Algorithms and their Interaction with Collision Avoidance Systems. AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference and Exhibit, Honolulu, HI, AIAA paper 2008-6973. , pp. 1-18. 27. Paielli, R. (2008). Tactical Conflict Resolution Using Vertical Manoeuvres in En Route Airspace. Journal of Aircraft. 45 (6), pp. 111-2119. 28. Ryan, H. , Chandler, G. , Santiago, C. , Paglione, M. , Liu, S. (2008). Evaluation of En Route Automations Trajectory Generation and Strategic Alert Processing, Analysis of ERAM Performance. pp. 1-114. 29. Poretta, M. , Dupey, M. , Schuster, W. , Majumdar, A. , Ochieng, W. (2008). Performance Evaluation of a Novel 4D Trajectory Prediction Model for Civil Aircraft. The Journal of Navigation. 61, pp. 393-420. 30. Cate, K. , Green, S. , Vivona, R. (2008). Abstractions techniques for capturing and comparing trajectory predictor capabilities and requirements. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. pp. 1-16 31. Paglione, M, Oakes, R. (2007). Implementation and Metrics for a Trajectory Prediction Validation Methodology. AIAA Guidance, Navigation and Control Conference and Exhibit 20 – 23 August 2007, Hilton Head, South Carolina. pp. 1-18. 32. Shakarian, A. , Haraldsdottir, A. (2001). Required Total System Performance and Results of a Short Term Conflict Alert Simulation Study. 4th US/Europe Air Traffic Management R;D Seminar, Santa Fe, December 3-7, 2001, pp. 1-9. How to cite Aircraft Trajectory Prediction, Essay examples

Chances by Five For Fighting free essay sample

I tend to stray on the unrealistic side of things. I’m a dreamer, what can I say? When I fall for someone, I fall hard and immediately start thinking about what the future could hold with them. I realize this is not the healthiest perspective to always hold, but at times I can’t help it. Once you become a â€Å"hopeless romantic† it is hard to change that. However in eleventh grade I started to realize it might save me from getting as hurt if I started to look at things more realistically. I was in my first real relationship and I could tell it was coming to an end as much as I didn’t want it to. It was around this time I rediscovered an old song I used to listen to on repeat while I was in middle school. Back then, I didn’t listen as much to the lyrics but listening to it again I realized the message it was sending and it was just what I needed to hear at the moment. We will write a custom essay sample on Chances by Five For Fighting or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The song was â€Å"Chances† by Five For Fighting, and unlike myself, it took the more realistic side of relationships. It basically had the attitude that I needed to have and still need to have, but still find it hard to. In this song the guy is involved with a girl and they both are very into each other and obviously want what they have to work out. However, the guy seems to realize he can’t get too ahead of himself and get his hopes too high because eventually they will likely grow apart from each other and go their separate ways. This was basically what was happening to me with my ex, and this song helped me to realize that no matter how much I can dream about what I want to happen, I need to focus on what is happening and let it go if it needs to go. In fact, one of my favorite lyrics from this song is â€Å"nothing lasts forever no matter how it feels today†. I really don’t think that line could be more true; in the moment with someone you may be abl e to see a whole future with them, but it is likely that down the road something will change and that â€Å"forever† that you dreamed about will come crashing down with reality. However, the last part of this song focuses on those rare occasions when this person you’re with now does turn out to be your future and all you dreamed of. There are those instances when that happens, and it happens because you took a chance on it. Whether or not you are a dreamer or a realist, you need to take chances in life to find love. It does help to keep things in perspective so it hurts less if it doesn’t work out, but there is always the possibility it will work out. As the song ends, â€Å"chances are waiting to be taken†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and those chances waiting for us could turn out to be what we’ve always dreamed of.

Srs for Bank Management Essay Example

Srs for Bank Management Essay EXPERIMENT NO: 2 AIM: To document Software Requirement Specification for Dance Academy. THEORY: 1) Introduction: 1. 1) Purpose: This document gives detailed functional and non-functional requirements for Dance Academy. The purpose of this document is that the requirements mentioned in it should be utilized by software developer to implement the system. 1. 2) Scope: This system allows the bank employee to maintain a record of all the customers who have account in the bank. With the help of this system, the employee should be in a position to search the records of a particular customer, provide him detailed account information and delete and update the customer information as and when required. 1. 3) Overview: This system provides an easy solution to the bank employee to maintain customer as well as employee records and maintaining a record of all the transactions that take place. 2) General Description: This Bank Management System replaces the conventional, traditional file and record based system with the help of which a lot of paper work will be reduced. Thus the manual work of maintaining files which are subjected to physical wear and tear can be avoided. The employee must be able to view all the information of customers such as name, account number, date of birth, gender, address, initial balance. Also it must be able to record different transactions such as withdrawal, deposit or transfer of funds from one account to another. The employee can also add new staff members to the system providing them direct access to the database and thus enabling them to provide services to the users. We will write a custom essay sample on Srs for Bank Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Srs for Bank Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Srs for Bank Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The employee can also change his password to follow security constraints. 3) Functional Requirements: 3. 1) Description: The identity of each customer is verified and only then changes are made to the records each customer. After proper verification, the bank employee can bring proper changes to the database as per the requirements of the user. Also the system maintains an employee database thus keeping a record of all the members of bank as well as keeping the records of the transactions which take place daily. 3. 2) Technical issues: The system should be implemented in . NET. 4) Interface Requirements: 4. 1) GUI: GUI 1: The first form provides login page for the employee. GUI 2: After successful login, there are different actions that can be performed i. e. change password, sign-out, add customer, delete customer, add details, view details etc. GUI 3: For adding customers, all the required information is taken and the submit button is selected for making corresponding changes into the database. GUI 4: Once the changes are made into the database, on clicking the view details icon, the details of the customer can be obtained. GUI 5 and 6: The details of the customer can be updated with the help of form 5. A particular customer can be removed with the help of delete customer option. GUI 7,8 and 9: These forms record the different transactions such as withdrawal, deposit, transfer. 4. 2) Hardware Interface: Hardware Interface 1: The system should be embedded in each PC of the bank and in all of its branches. 4. 3) Software Interface: Software Interface 1: Bank Management System. Software Interface 2: The staff and employee database should maintain necessary records. ) Performance Requirements: The system should work concurrently on multiple computers during the working hours of bank. The system should support 50 users. 6) Design Constraints: The system should be designed in 2 months. 7) Other Non Functional Attributes: a) Security: Each employee is provided with a user ID and password to log into the system. Only then he can manipulate the database. b) Availability: The system should be available during ban k working hours. c) Maintainability: There should be a facility to add or delete customers as and when required. ) Reusability: The same system must be used in every financial year. 8) Operational Scenarios: There will be an employee database and customer database. The employee database contains personal information of all the employees. The customer database contains personal as well as account related information. 9) Preliminary Schedule: The system has to be implemented in 2 months. CONCLUSION: Thus we have documented Software Requirement Specification for Bank Management System (BMS). Srs for Bank Management Essay Example Srs for Bank Management Essay EXPERIMENT NO: 2 AIM: To document Software Requirement Specification for Dance Academy. THEORY: 1) Introduction: 1. 1) Purpose: This document gives detailed functional and non-functional requirements for Dance Academy. The purpose of this document is that the requirements mentioned in it should be utilized by software developer to implement the system. 1. 2) Scope: This system allows the bank employee to maintain a record of all the customers who have account in the bank. With the help of this system, the employee should be in a position to search the records of a particular customer, provide him detailed account information and delete and update the customer information as and when required. 1. 3) Overview: This system provides an easy solution to the bank employee to maintain customer as well as employee records and maintaining a record of all the transactions that take place. 2) General Description: This Bank Management System replaces the conventional, traditional file and record based system with the help of which a lot of paper work will be reduced. Thus the manual work of maintaining files which are subjected to physical wear and tear can be avoided. The employee must be able to view all the information of customers such as name, account number, date of birth, gender, address, initial balance. Also it must be able to record different transactions such as withdrawal, deposit or transfer of funds from one account to another. The employee can also add new staff members to the system providing them direct access to the database and thus enabling them to provide services to the users. We will write a custom essay sample on Srs for Bank Management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Srs for Bank Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Srs for Bank Management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The employee can also change his password to follow security constraints. 3) Functional Requirements: 3. 1) Description: The identity of each customer is verified and only then changes are made to the records each customer. After proper verification, the bank employee can bring proper changes to the database as per the requirements of the user. Also the system maintains an employee database thus keeping a record of all the members of bank as well as keeping the records of the transactions which take place daily. 3. 2) Technical issues: The system should be implemented in . NET. 4) Interface Requirements: 4. 1) GUI: GUI 1: The first form provides login page for the employee. GUI 2: After successful login, there are different actions that can be performed i. e. change password, sign-out, add customer, delete customer, add details, view details etc. GUI 3: For adding customers, all the required information is taken and the submit button is selected for making corresponding changes into the database. GUI 4: Once the changes are made into the database, on clicking the view details icon, the details of the customer can be obtained. GUI 5 and 6: The details of the customer can be updated with the help of form 5. A particular customer can be removed with the help of delete customer option. GUI 7,8 and 9: These forms record the different transactions such as withdrawal, deposit, transfer. 4. 2) Hardware Interface: Hardware Interface 1: The system should be embedded in each PC of the bank and in all of its branches. 4. 3) Software Interface: Software Interface 1: Bank Management System. Software Interface 2: The staff and employee database should maintain necessary records. ) Performance Requirements: The system should work concurrently on multiple computers during the working hours of bank. The system should support 50 users. 6) Design Constraints: The system should be designed in 2 months. 7) Other Non Functional Attributes: a) Security: Each employee is provided with a user ID and password to log into the system. Only then he can manipulate the database. b) Availability: The system should be available during ban k working hours. c) Maintainability: There should be a facility to add or delete customers as and when required. ) Reusability: The same system must be used in every financial year. 8) Operational Scenarios: There will be an employee database and customer database. The employee database contains personal information of all the employees. The customer database contains personal as well as account related information. 9) Preliminary Schedule: The system has to be implemented in 2 months. CONCLUSION: Thus we have documented Software Requirement Specification for Bank Management System (BMS).

Sunshine essays

Sunshine essays Sunshine follows three generations of a Hungarian Jewish family, the Sonnenscheins (Sunshine) through three generations of men all played by the same person. It is narrated by the youngest of the three men who tells the story of his grandfather and father before he tells his own. The three generations dealt with the corruption and fall of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Eventually leading to World War I, World War II, and Nazi concentration camps. In all three generations, it seems that the three men are all trying to do the same thing, to fit in and enjoy the glory of success, only to have to eventually face the consequences. It is a movie that really gives the viewers a sense of History and what it was like to live during this time in the Austro- Hungarian Empire. It was not easy for the Sonnenschein family during the rough times of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. At first we see the Sonnenschein as a wealthy middle class family. This is due to the fact that the family tonic(The taste of Sunshine) recipe saved from a fire earlier has given them great wealth. The three children grow up fairly reasonably considering what it could have been like for a Jewish family at that time. The characteristics of the family and their home demonstrate a wealthy middle class familys living style. A very nice luxurious apartment that is well-furnished and very bourgeoisie. They have servants or maids that clean and cook for them as well. They can enjoy the pleasures of life with out much to worry about. The sister takes on photography as a passion, and the two brothers study law. The youngest brother brings risk to the family by his outspoken socialist ways. After the government finds out about this they search the Sonnenscheins house. Its clear the government t ook no risk, if you were suspected of something, the government would not think twice to come and search your home an...

Approach Used for Teaching English Grammar Essay

Approach Used for Teaching English Grammar - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that while talking about English grammar, we must also know the importance of the use of proper English grammar in our daily life. Doff found that â€Å"by learning, grammar students can express meanings in the form of phrases, clauses, and sentences†. Appropriate use of grammar using the prescribed set of rules helps us in a lot of ways while performing various activities. â€Å"Teaching grammar is of significant importance in the early stages of a child’s schooling†. Grammar is of critical importance because of its enormous use in many fields of life. Clark found that â€Å"teaching basics of grammar helps learners a lot in different situations†. Some of the situations where use of proper grammar is of crucial importance are as follows: use of correct grammar during an interview, proper usage while creating a resume for a job application, it’s also important while writing a website’s content, profes sional articles and journals also require correct grammar, academic essays must also be written using suitable grammar, and while writing emails to a certified company from another professional company. These were some of the basic usages of proper English grammar techniques in the activities of our daily life. Teaching grammar to the children of a primary school is a very can be an intimidating task for two main reasons. The first reason is that there are so many tones and gradations of the English language for children to learn and the second reason is that understanding and learning all of the prescribed rules of English grammar can be a boring task for the children. Nevertheless, teaching English grammar to the primary school’s children can be done in an attractive way so that children don’t get bored and show more interest towards learning proper English grammar which will definitely help them a lot in their future.

Stat Essay Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stat Essay - Assignment Example Moreover, the constant service time for each of the customer is 2 minutes. Therefore, the maximum total time consumed by the customer in availing the service is 8 minutes. Therefore, it can be stated that customer waiting time in seconds will be 480seconds in average. Single-phase queuing system is a type of queuing system where there is a single server, which provides service to the customer entirely. There are two types of single phase queuing system. One is of single channel i.e. the presence of a single server for every customer in the waiting line. While, the other is of multi channel i.e. the presence of multiple server, but each server is providing service to the customer. Single phase queuing system is appropriate when a single server delivers all the desired requirement of the customer. This type of system is appropriate when there is no requirement of multi specialized service providers (Ozcan, 2009). For instance, this type of system is mostly seen when a person goes to hair dressing saloon. A single service provider of the saloon provides the desired requirement of the customer at his/her own. This system is diagrammatically shown below. On the other hand, Multi-phase queuing system is a type of queuing system where there are multiple servers to provide service to the individual customers one after another i.e. in phases. There are two types of multi phase queuing system. One is the single channel, where the entire customers pass through a single set of servers. The other is the multi channel, where there is a presence of multiple sets of servers. Multi phase queuing system is appropriate when there is a requirement of multi specialized service providers. Here a specific task of the service is provided by a service provider or a group and the rest is performed by the different service providers at phases. Here each service provider is specialized at his/her work. This type of system is prominently

A Management System For Shopping Malls Computer Science Essay

A Management System For Shopping Malls Computer Science Essay 1.1 Introduction: Therough this system to design system to orgnize the work of Shoppiing Mall contain many shops belong to the same company of this mall. Through this system we can manage the work of all shops in this mall and monitor all activities in all shops. In this system we have tow sections, the first is Management, and the second is Shops,Each section hase different features. we have in this system tow level of privilleges, administrator or manager , and the employee of shops. The manager or administrator can add new administrator for this system, add new employee dor shops, add new shop, and see report of all shops in this mall. The normal user of employee of shop has the privillege to perform sale operation,add new goods to the store of this shope, update the balance of exicting goods in the store of this shope,monitore the daily sales operation done, onitore the monthly sales operations done, and monitore the balance of goods in the sotre of this shope. 1.2 Aims Of The Project Through this system we work to achive the following objectives: Organize the Registration of new shope: in this objective we orgnize the registeration of new shope and enter the relative information about this shope. Organize the registration of sales operation: in this objective we orgnize the registeration of sale operations informtion and try to do it in less time with less effort. Orgnize the registeration of new goods information: in this objective we allow the normal user to enter the information of new good in the store of his shope. Allow the user to add extra quantity of an excting food in his shopes store. Enable the user to get information about sales operations done through this system (daily and monthly) printable format. Enable the user to get information about goodss balance in his shope in printable format. Enable the administratore to get information about all shopes in the mall. 1.3 System Tools To design this system we use Visual Basic 6.0 as programming language to design the GUI (Graphical User Interface), and we used Microsoft Access to build the database of this system. We selected Visual Basic because it is easyto use. We can create forms (interfaces) using drag-and-drop techniques. A tool is used to place controls on the form (window). We can enter the default value for the attribute of any control we add to the form (interface). Many attribute values can be modified during run time based on user actions or changes in the environmentFor examplewe can cange the date of sale always to the current date even if we run it after 2 years after finish design Microsoft Access database management system was also used in designing the database of the system. It is used to create simple database solutions. Access tables support a variety of standard field types, indices, and referential integrity. The system also includes a query interface, forms to display and enter data, and reports for printing. The underlying Jet database, which contains these objects, is multiuser-aware and handles record-locking and referential integrity including cascading, updates and deletes. Microsoft Access also offers the ability for programmers to create solutions using the programming language Visual Basic for Applications (VBA), which is similar to Visual Basic 6.0 (VB6) and used throughout the Microsoft Office programs such as Excel, Word, Outlook and PowerPoint. Most VB6 code including the use of Windows API calls, can be used in VBA. Power users and developers can extend basic end-user solutions to a professional solution with advanced automation, data validation, error trapping, and multi-user support. Applications that simply view data or have simple data entry can support considerably more users. 2.1 Structure of the system: In this system we have tow main sections first for managemetn and second for shopes. 2.1.1 management section: In management section we have four featurs Add new administrator: in this feature we allow the administrator to add anothor administrator (administrator = manager), in this feature the asministrator enter the user name and password for new administrator. Add new user: in this feature the admin can add new use (we mention here in user to the employee of the shope), to add new user the admin need to enter the user name and password and the shope which this user will belong (or works for), here we mention that we cannot add new user to a shope not there in the mall. Add new shope: in this feature we allow the admin to add new shope to the mall, to add new shope to the mall the admin need to enter the name of this new shope and the type of it (e.g optics). Report of all shopes in this mal: in this feature we allow the admin to get information about all shopes in this mall in printable formate. 2.1.2 shope section: This section available to the emmployee of shopes in the mall, we have to mention that the administrator of this system must add this user then he can login to this section.in this section we have six features New sale : in this feature the user can enter the information of new sale operation, these information includes the customer name, customer mobile number, saled good,ordered auantity,unit price, and discount if there is any discount. Add new goods: in this feature we allow the user to add new goods to the store of this shope, the information needed to do this task includes Good name, Purchae price,sale price,Quantity,andmeasure. Update goods : in this feature the user can update the quantity of any exeicting goods in the store of his shope, the relative information requested here is good name, added quantity,purchase price, sale price. Goods report: in this feature the user can get report of all goods and its balance in his shope. Daily sale : in this feature the user can get report of all sale operation done through this system in current day. Monthly sale: in this feature the user can get report of all sale operation done through this system in selected month. 2.2 Systems Tables: In the previous section we explained the main structure of this system, now we have to show the building of the systems database (the database of this system was designed using Microsoft Office Access as mentioned before) The following tables are designed in the database of this system: ADMIN : this table created to save the information of administrator login data (Table 2.2.1) USERS: this table is for saving the information of users of this system. (Table 2.2.2) SHOPS: this table is for saving the information for shops in this mall. (Table2.2.3). GOODS: this table designed to save the information of goods. Table(2.3) 5-SALE_INFO: this table desgined to save the inormation of sale opertation. Table(2.2.5) 2.3 Connecting between systems database and users Interface: There are many ways to connect between visual basic and MS Access but in our system we depend on the connection by the code and connecting the object directly to database not by adding object on the form at design time. It depends on the connection string for ADO library, at first a new ADO Connection and ADO recordset items is created then define the connection path (path of database in this system) as connection string After that the recordset is opened by sending a query for specified table name. Dim rs As ADODB.Recordset Dim con As ADODB.ConnectionThe following shows an example about the connection way in this system Then write the following code where connection to database is wanted to retrieve, send or view data Set rs = New ADODB.Recordset Set con = New ADODB.Connection rs.CursorLocation = adUseClient Constring = Provider=Microsoft.Jet.OLEDB.4.0;Data Source= App.Path MMS.mdb con.Open (Constring) Chapter 3 Implimntation of the system 3.1 Main Features Of The System: The aim of this system is to achieve a number of objectives. These objectives are: Registration of new shops: in this feature, the administrator need to register the iformation of new shop, this information include the name of shop and the type of this shop (shops activity). Orgnize the operation of create new user: this feature allowed for administrator only, in this feature the administrator can create new user, this new user works in selected shop while the administrator create this user. Orgnizing the registeration of sale operation: in this feature the user must register the information of sale operation, this information include the shop name,goods name,order quantity, the discount, customer name, customer mobile, and some information will be automatically loaded when the user select the good name like available qantity, and unit price. Orgnizeing the registeration of new goods: This feature allow the user to add new goods to the shop where he is working, this information include the name of goods,purchase price, sale price , and the purchased quantity. Orgnize the operation of updating the quantity of goods: in this feture the user can add quantity of any goods in his shop. Preparation of detailed reports : theadministrator and user can get these types of Reports: All shops: this report shows the information of all shops in the Mall. Daily sales: this report displays the information of all sales operation done in selected date. monthly sales: this report displays the information of all sales operation done in selected month. Goods report: this report show the information of all goods in the shop. We have to mention that the first report allowed for the administrator only, while the other reports allowed to the normal user 3.2 Implementation Of The System: In presvious section of this report we explaineed the structure of this system and talk about the objectives of this system, now we will talk about how t use this system, or how this system works. First there is introduction window, in this window the user select the section heshe wants to use Management or Shops as shown in figure 3.1 Figure 3.1 Introduction window 3.2.1 Management Section : If the user select Management from the introduction window heshe will get the login window where heshe must write the user name and password of administrator in this system, as shown in figure 3.2 Figure 3.2 Administrator Login window After fill the sorrcet username and passowrd of administrator, heshe will get the main window of adminstrators task, as shown in figure 3.3 Figure 3.3 Administrators task windw If heshe wants to achieve th feature of New administrator, heshe must click on New Administrator button, then heshe will get the following windw, as shown in figure 3.4 Figure 3.4 New Administrator window After fill the requested fields , the system will connect to the databse and go into the table Admin and save new record with the information of new administrator. If the administrator wants to achieve the feature New User, heshe must click on New User button on the Administrators task windw, then will get the following window, as shown in figure 3.5 Figure 3.5 New User window In this window will need the username and apssword for new user , also we need to select the shop where this new user will work, the list of shops will automatically loaded to the window by going through the database and go to Shops table and bring the name of all shops in this mall. When the user fill all rewuested fields heshe must click on Save button to save the data of new user, in this operation the system will connect to the database and go to USERS table and create new record conatin the information of the new user and give him an autonumber as ID, the administrator can cancel the operation or close this window by click on Close button. In case the administratore wants to achieve the feature Add New Shop, hezshe must click on New shop button on Administrators task windw to get the following window, as shown in figure 3.6 Figure 3.6 New Shop Window In this window we can see that we have only tow fields about new shop, these fields are shop name and shop type, after the administrator fill thee fields, heshe must click on Save button to go through the database and create new record in table Shops and give this shop an autonumber as ShopID. The administrator can cancel the operation or close this window by click on Close button. Finally, if the administrtor wants to get report about all shops in this mall, hese can click on All Shops button on Administrators task windw, the get the report as shown in figure 3.7 Figure 3.7 All Shops report window 3.2.1 Shop Section : This section specified for the normal user (the employee of the shop), the user can go into this section by clicking on Shop button in Introduction window, then heshe get the folloing window, figure 3.8 Figure 3.8 user Main window As we see, in this window there are six buttons, each one for different feature. If the user want to perform sale operation, heshe must click on New Sale button, then will get the following window, as shown in figure 3.9 Figure 3.9 Sale window In this window the user will find list of all goods available in this shop and the balance of this goodsand the unist price also, ths information brought by the system when load this window, the system will go to the database and go to goods table and bring the name of all goods which belong to that shop, after that when the user select the goods name and its balance nd the unit price. After the user fill the requested fields then click on calculate button to cacuate the total price, then the user clicks on Save button to save the information of sale then he can click on Bill button to get the bill of this sale. If the user wants to add new goods heshe must clicks on New Goods button then heshe get the following window, as shown in figure 3.10 Conclusion Using this system we organize the work in the Hall, also we reduce the time and effort spend to achieve the following task : Register customers information in this system. Register the relative information of reservation in this system . Organize the operation of updating the information of reservation. Organize the confirming and caneling reservation in this system. Getting the reports of all reservation done through this system. Getting the reports of all reservation done through this system accoring to selected month. Getting the reports of all reservation done through this system accoring to selected month and year. After using the system we can say that work of Hall reservation can be organized through this system. As we explain in the body of this report the use of this system is easily and any one with simple knowledge of computer usage can use this system and finish the task without any mistake. there is no perfect system and each system contain some notices either the analyzing or the scenario of work, but in this system we try to cover the most important task or features of store department work. Before we build the system we have to analyze the system and detect the work flow of working and see what are the rules that control work in Hall reservation operation to start building the tables and see what windows we need and how any windows we must have in our system after that we search for tools enable us to program the system in best way, we find that the easiest tools to do that is VISUAL BASIC (VB) for program the user interface and Microsoft Office Access (MSACCESS) as database management system, these tools are easy to use and easy to be used in developing the system in future. When start to build new system the designer face tow types of problem technical and official. The technical problems was to find the suitable and useful tools (programming and database management system) enable the designer to build efficient system and enable the user to store many records in database able to be retrieved in few seconds without any problems. After we choose the programming language and database management system and connect them together and start build the database and table and start writing the code that will be executed while system running in order to achieve the tasks of this system.

Injustice: Black People and Martin Luther King Essay

In a â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail†, Martin Luther King, Jr. said â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† This means that if we let injustice happen, then this injustice will grow and start to affect good people. We cannot afford to ignore something bad happening in one place. If injustice occurs and no action is taken against this injustice, then people who hear about what happened might think this injustice is acceptable, and continue being unfair. In â€Å"Justice & Injustice† Eloy Ponce says, â€Å"if we allow injustices to be committed against other people, those injustices too, could soon be committed against us.† Ponce’s idea interested me because it is also a true statement. If we let injustice happen, the injustice will be committed against us. When there was segregation, most white people didn’t do anything to help the African Americans. White people let segregation happen whether they agreed or disagreed with the kind of treatment the black people received because whites were not affected directly. Due to this, these days, some black people accuse white people of being racist. There were some white people that did stand up for the rights of blacks, and a few even died for this belief. They were people that truly understood the meaning of justice, and knew that if nothing was done, the injustice being committed would threaten justice everywhere. Justice and injustice are often in a battle of which is stronger. Acts of injustice spread easily, overcoming the ideals of justice. When a crowd acts, it is very difficult for people to standup against the crowd. It is easier for everyone to say they agree, even though they truly disagree. Only the brave few are willing to accept the consequences of standing up for what they believe in. I think this is what Martin Luther King, Jr. meant when he said â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.† It is a person’s moral responsibility to uphold just ideas.

Migrations: 1700-1900 Essay

Many things changed and also remained constant during the time period between 1700-1900. These changes were the long-distance migration patterns, diversity of the new immigrants, and indentured servitude becoming the main way work was conducted. Although there was a lot of change, there were however things that stayed consistent such as who migrated and their motivation for migrating. Such migrations occurred from eastern regions like Europe, Asia, and Africa, and they would migrate to western regions such as the Americas. The Slave Trade Act of 1807, and the Slave Abolition Act of 1833 put forth by the British outlawed slavery in British territory, and both heavily encouraged other European countries to stop using slavery as their main work force. Due to this indentured servitude increased in popularity. Since the colonies no longer needed African slaves to conduct their work, African populations began to decline. This helped shift towards the use of indentured servants. This new opportunity attracted a large diversity of immigrants. Many new people came to the Americas looking for a new opportunity especially from Asia. So many Asian laborers came to the US that the US had to put forth acts to keep them out. The Chinese Exclusion Act is an example, and it prohibited the immigration of  Chinese laborers into the US. Many other things also attracted immigrants to the Americas. Some would migrate to the United States due to the â€Å"American Dream† and the ability to start a new life in which anything would be possible. Some would be forced to migrate due to factors in their homeland. One such example would be the Irish potato famine which started in 1845. Many Irish emigrated to places like North America after this occurred. Also in 1848 the California Gold Rush began. This would spark a migration within the United States to expand outward from the east coast across the nation. Since essentially people from everywhere in the world at this was migrating, it put forth new long-distance migration patterns. With all of the changes in migration at the time, many things did stay the same. The majority of people migrating still came from Europe. During the Potato Famine, approximately 1,000,000 Irish emigrated to the Americas alone; many others emigrated to places like England and Australia. Also people still migrated for the same basic reasons; they either were attracted to something in a foreign land, or were detracted from something in their native land. Indentured servitude was also used before this time. This form of work just had a meteoric rise in popularity and usage during this time period which makes it so significant. There was also still the migration of Africans during this time period; however, it was not nearly as large of a migration as the previous migrations that were for slaves. Due to the Emancipation Proclamation of 1863, slavery was abolished in ten states that were still in rebellion during the American Civil War. This  attracted many new Africans to the United States because of the new freedoms and the new opportunities that were now also available to Africans of the time. This also increased foreign opinion on the United States which increased migrations to North American countries such as the United States. Not all immigration occurred in the US though. Brazil continued to receive a large amount of emigrants as well. Europe, and especially Portugal underwent a demographic crisis due to the increased emigration to places like the U.S. and Brazil. People went to Brazil for the same reasons they immigrated to anywhere else too. The main reason was that Brazil still had a lot of new land to offer. The result of all of the migration was that 1850 was the start of what is known as the â€Å"Age of Mass Migration.†